Capstone 07 — End-to-End Fine-Tuning Pipeline (Data to SFT to DPO to Serve)

> An 8B-class model trained on your own data, DPO-aligned on your own preferences, quantized, speculative-decoded, and served at measurable $/1M tokens. The 2026 open stack is Axolotl v0.8, TRL 0.15, Unsloth for iteration, GPTQ/AWQ/GGUF for quantization, vLLM 0.7 with EAGLE-3 for serving. The capstone is to run the whole pipeline reproducibly (YAML in, served endpoint out) and publish a model card under the 2026 Model Openness Framework.

Type: Capstone
Languages: Python (pipeline), YAML (configs), Bash (scripts)
Prerequisites: Phase 2 (ML), Phase 3 (DL), Phase 7 (transformers), Phase 10 (LLMs from scratch), Phase 11 (LLM engineering), Phase 17 (infrastructure), Phase 18 (safety)
Phases exercised: P2 · P3 · P7 · P10 · P11 · P17 · P18
Time: 35 hours

Problem

Every serious AI team in 2026 keeps a fine-tuning pipeline on tap. Not because they ship a frontier base model, but because downstream adaptation — domain SFT, DPO against labeled preferences, distilled drafts for speculative decoding, serving with EAGLE-3 — is where the measurable wins live. Axolotl v0.8 handles multi-GPU SFT configs. TRL 0.15 handles DPO and GRPO. Unsloth gets you fast single-GPU iteration. vLLM 0.7 with EAGLE-3 pushes decode throughput 2-3x without quality loss. The tooling works; the craft is in the YAMLs, the data hygiene, and the eval discipline.

You will run an 8B to 14B base (Llama 3.1 8B, Qwen3 14B, or Gemma 3 12B) through SFT then DPO on task-specific data, quantize for serving, and measure gains against lm-evaluation-harness, RewardBench-2, MT-Bench-v2, and MMLU-Pro. You will produce a model card under the 2026 Model Openness Framework. The point is reproducibility: one command reruns the whole pipeline end to end.

Concept

The pipeline has five stages. Data: dedup (MinHash / Datatrove), quality filter (Nemotron-CC style classifier), PII scrub, split-hygiene check against public benchmark contamination. SFT: Axolotl YAML, ZeRO-3 on 8xH100, cosine schedule, packed sequences, 2-3 epochs. DPO or GRPO: TRL config, 1 epoch, preference pairs either human-labeled or model-judged, beta tuning. Quantize: GPTQ + AWQ + GGUF for deployment flexibility. Serve: vLLM 0.7 with EAGLE-3 speculative heads (or SGLang with SpecForge), K8s deployment, HPA on queue-wait.

Ablations are the deliverable: SFT-only vs SFT+DPO vs SFT+GRPO on three task-specific benchmarks. Serving metrics: tokens/s at batch 1 / 8 / 32, EAGLE-3 acceptance rate, $/1M tokens. Safety eval: Llama Guard 4 pass rate. Model card: bias evaluations, reproducibility seeds, data licensing.

Architecture

raw data (HF datasets + internal)
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    v
Datatrove dedup + Nemotron-CC quality filter + PII scrub
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    v
split hygiene (MMLU-Pro contamination check)
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    v
Axolotl SFT config (YAML)  ---> 8xH100, ZeRO-3
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    v
TRL DPO / GRPO config       ---> 4xH100, 1 epoch
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    v
GPTQ + AWQ + GGUF quantize
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    v
vLLM 0.7 + EAGLE-3 speculative decoding
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    v
K8s deployment, HPA on queue-wait
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    v
lm-eval-harness + RewardBench-2 + MT-Bench-v2 + MMLU-Pro
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    v
model card (2026 MOF) + safety eval (Llama Guard 4)

Stack

Data: Datatrove for dedup, Nemotron-CC classifier for quality, Presidio for PII
Base: Llama 3.1 8B, Qwen3 14B, or Gemma 3 12B
SFT: Axolotl v0.8 with ZeRO-3, Flash Attention 3, packed sequences
Preference tuning: TRL 0.15 for DPO or GRPO; Unsloth for single-GPU iteration
Quantization: GPTQ (Marlin), AWQ, GGUF via llama.cpp
Serving: vLLM 0.7 with EAGLE-3 speculative decoding (or SGLang 0.4 + SpecForge)
Eval: lm-evaluation-harness, RewardBench-2, MT-Bench-v2, MMLU-Pro
Safety eval: Llama Guard 4, ShieldGemma-2
Infrastructure: Kubernetes + NVIDIA device plugin, HPA on queue-wait metric
Observability: W&B for training, Langfuse for inference

ce-finetune-stages

Build It

1. Data pipeline. Run Datatrove dedup on raw corpus. Apply Nemotron-CC-style quality classifier. Presidio scrubs PII. Write train/val splits with explicit seed.

2. Contamination check. For every validation split, compute MinHash against MMLU-Pro, MT-Bench-v2, RewardBench-2 test sets. Reject any overlap.

3. Axolotl SFT. YAML with ZeRO-3, FA3, sequence packing. 2-3 epochs on 8xH100. Log to W&B.

4. TRL DPO / GRPO. Take the SFT checkpoint, run one epoch of DPO on preference pairs (or GRPO with a verifiable reward on math/code). Sweep beta.

5. Quantize. Produce three quants: GPTQ-INT4-Marlin, AWQ-INT4, GGUF-Q4_K_M for llama.cpp. Record size and nominal throughput.

6. Serve with speculative decoding. vLLM 0.7 config with EAGLE-3 draft heads trained via Red Hat Speculators. Measure acceptance rate and tail latency at batch 1 / 8 / 32. Report $/1M tokens vs Anthropic / OpenAI on the same eval.

7. Eval matrix. Run lm-eval-harness, RewardBench-2, MT-Bench-v2, MMLU-Pro on base, SFT-only, SFT+DPO, SFT+GRPO. Produce a table.

8. Safety eval. Llama Guard 4 pass rate on the dev set. ShieldGemma-2 output filter.

9. Model card. MOF 2026 template: data, training, eval, safety, license, reproducibility section with YAMLs and commit SHAs.

Use It

$ ./pipeline.sh config/llama3.3-8b-domainX.yaml
[data]    300k deduped, 12k filtered, 280k accepted (seed=7)
[SFT]     3 epochs, 8xH100, 6h12m, val loss 1.42 -> 1.03
[DPO]     1 epoch, beta=0.08, 4xH100, 1h40m
[quant]   GPTQ-INT4 4.6 GB, AWQ-INT4 4.8 GB, GGUF-Q4_K_M 5.1 GB
[serve]   vLLM 0.7, EAGLE-3 acceptance 0.74, p99 126ms @ bs=8
[eval]    MMLU-Pro +3.2, MT-Bench-v2 +0.41, RewardBench-2 +0.08
[card]    model-card.md generated under 2026 MOF

Ship It

outputs/skill-finetuning-pipeline.md describes the deliverable. A single command runs data through SFT through DPO through quant through serve through eval, and emits a model card + the served endpoint.

| Weight | Criterion | How it is measured |
|:-:|—|—|
| 25 | Eval delta vs base | Measured gain on target tasks (MMLU-Pro, MT-Bench-v2, task-specific) |
| 20 | Pipeline reproducibility | One command reruns end to end with identical seeds |
| 20 | Data hygiene | Dedup rate, PII scrub coverage, contamination check green |
| 20 | Serving efficiency | tokens/s at bs=1/8/32, EAGLE-3 acceptance rate, $/1M tokens |
| 15 | Model card + safety eval | 2026 MOF completeness + Llama Guard 4 pass rate |
| 100 | | |

Exercises

1. Run SFT-only vs SFT+DPO vs SFT+GRPO on the same task-specific benchmark. Report which preference method wins and by how much.

2. Swap Llama 3.1 8B for Qwen3 14B. Measure the $/1M tokens at matched quality.

3. Measure EAGLE-3 acceptance rate on domain data vs generic ShareGPT. Report the delta and what it means for latency budgets.

4. Inject 1% of contamination (leak MMLU-Pro answers into training data) and rerun eval. Watch MMLU-Pro accuracy jump unrealistically. Build a contamination-check CI gate that catches this.

5. Add LoRA SFT as an alternative to full fine-tune. Measure the quality gap at 10x lower memory.

Key Terms

AI Engineering from Scratch Capstone 07 — End-to-End Fine-Tuning Pipeline (Data to SFT to DPO to Serve)

AI Engineering from Scratch